By Joseph G. Ballstaedt
The doctrine of adverse possession of real property is a strange legal concept, yet one deeply imbedded in American law. Under this doctrine, a person who trespasses onto and possesses the property of another can, after enough time has passed and if certain other conditions are met, become the legal owner of the property. This doctrine arguably condones trespassing by rewarding “squatters” for conduct that seems unfair, unjust and contrary to long-held principles of private property ownership. However, the requirements to actually prove adverse possession are stringent enough that the doctrine is infrequently applied. It is typically used to resolve ownership disputes in favor of the person who has actually occupied, cared for, and paid taxes on the property.
Each state has specific requirements enumerated in court decisions and statutes that must be met to acquire land through adverse possession. In Idaho, a person claiming ownership by adverse possession first must prove he or she has possessed the property for the statutory period. Up until 2006 this period was five years in Idaho. The Idaho Legislature amended the statute in 2006 to extend the period to 20 years. The person must also prove his or her possession was “actual, open, visible, notorious, continuous, and hostile” to the owner of record, and that he or she has enclosed, improved, and paid taxes on the disputed property. If these elements are proven by clear and convincing evidence, the claim of adverse possession succeeds and the judge will issue a judgment declaring the person to be the legal owner of the property.